Breaking Down the One Big Beautiful Bill
The House of Representatives’ Fiscal Year (FY) 2025 reconciliation bill – titled the One Big Beautiful Bill Act of 2025 (OBBBA) – would add $2.4 trillion to primary deficits over the coming decade, adding $3.0 trillion to the debt including interest. If its temporary provisions are extended without offsets, we estimate it would add $5.0 trillion to the debt including interest.
The table below is a comprehensive tally of each provision included in the respective committee bills that make up the OBBBA, along with a deficit impact estimate from the Congressional Budget Office. This table will be updated if additional changes are made.
| Provision | Deficit Increase (-) / Decrease (FY2025-FY2034) |
|---|---|
| Ways and Means Committee | |
| Extend & Expand Rate Cuts | -$2,177 billion |
| Extend AMT Repeal for Taxpayers with Income Below $1 Million | -$1,304 billion |
| Extend & Expand Standard Deduction Hike | -$1,308 billion |
| Repeal Personal/Dependent Exemption | $1,870 billion |
| Extend & Expand Child Tax Credit Increase | -$797 billion |
| Extend & Expand 199A Pass-Through Deduction | -$820 billion |
| Extend $10k SALT Cap, Increased to $40k for Income Below $500k, with Limits on Workarounds and High-Income Taxpayers | $787 billion |
| Extend Other Deduction Changes and Pease Repeal | $21 billion |
| Limit Value of Itemized Deductions to 35% Rates | $41 billion |
| Extend & Expand Estate Tax Cut | -$212 billion |
| Subtotal, Extend & Expand TCJA Individual Provisions | -$3,899 billion |
| Revive Bonus Depreciation through 2029 | -$37 billion |
| Revive Domestic R&E Expensing through 2029 | -$23 billion |
| Revive Looser Interest Limit through 2029 | -$40 billion |
| Extend Lower International Rates with Modifications | -$165 billion |
| Extend & Expand Opportunity Zones through 2033 | -$5 billion |
| Subtotal, Revive TCJA Business Provisions | -$270 billion |
| No Tax on Tips Through 2028 | -$40 billion |
| No Tax on Overtime Through 2028 | -$124 billion |
| Higher Senior Standard Deduction through 2028 | -$66 billion |
| No Tax on Car Loans through 2028 | -$58 billion |
| Health Savings Account Expansions | -$44 billion |
| Establish "Trump Accounts" and Fund Through 2028 | -$17 billion |
| Scholarship Tax Credit | -$20 billion |
| Non-Itemizer Charitable Deduction | -$7 billion |
| Other Individual Tax Cuts | -$21 billion |
| Allow Expensing of Factories through 2028 | -$148 billion |
| Extend Clean Fuel Tax Credit through 2031 | -$45 billion |
| Other Business and Related Tax Cuts | -$72 billion |
| Subtotal, New Tax Cuts and Spending | -$662 billion |
| Repeal EV Tax Credits | $191 billion |
| Phase Out Energy Investment, Production, and Manufacturing Credits | $249 billion |
| Repeal or Reform other IRA Credits | $131 billion |
| Foreign Corporate Retaliation Tax | $116 billion |
| Reduce ACA Overpayments and Payments to Immigrants | $237 billion |
| Modify "De Minimis" Entry Privilege for Commercial Shipments | $39 billion |
| Expand Executive Compensation Deduction Limit | $19 billion |
| Increase College Endowment Tax | $23 billion |
| Impose Remittance Excise Tax | $26 billion |
| Other Offsetting Provisions | $48 billion |
| Subtotal, Offsets | $1,079 billion |
| Subtotal, Ways and Means Committee | -$3,754 billion (-$5,220 billion if permanent) |
| Armed Services Committee | |
| Shipbuilding | -$32 billion |
| Air Superiority and Missile Defense | -$30 billion |
| Munitions and Supply Chain | -$19 billion |
| Scaling Development and Production of New, Low-Cost Weapons Systems | -$13 billion |
| Nuclear Deterrence | -$13 billion |
| Enhance Military Readiness | -$11 billion |
| Deterrence and Readiness in the Pacific Theater | -$11 billion |
| Military Personnel | -$8 billion |
| Border Security and Narcotics | -$5 billion |
| Military Intelligence, Cyber Security, and Oversight | -$2 billion |
| Subtotal, Armed Services Committee | -$144 billion (-$410 billion if permanent) |
| Homeland Security Committee | |
| Border Wall Construction and Border Security Facilities Improvements | -$50 billion |
| State Border Security Reimbursement | -$12 billion |
| U.S. Customs and Border Protection Personnel and Vehicles | -$8 billion |
| U.S. Customs and Border Protection Technology, National Vetting Center, and Other Border Security Enhancements | -$6 billion |
| Security, Planning, and Other Costs Related to 2026 FIFA World Cup and 2028 Olympics | -$2 billion |
| Homeland Security Grants and Reimbursements to State and Local Jurisdictions | -$1 billion |
| Subtotal, Homeland Security Committee | -$79 billion (-$120 billion if permanent) |
| Judiciary Committee | |
| Visa Integrity Fee | $29 billion |
| Fee Relating to Termination, Renewal, and Extension of Employment Authorization for Asylum Applicants | $14 billion |
| Form I-94 Fee | $11 billion |
| Diversity Immigrant Visa Fees | $6 billion |
| Fee Relating to Renewal and Extension of Employment Authorization for Aliens Granted Temporary Protected Status | $4 billion |
| Other Immigration Fees | $11 billion |
| Adult Alien Detention Capacity and Family Residential Centers | -$45 billion |
| Transportation and Removal Operations | -$14 billion |
| Hiring of Additional U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Personnel | -$8 billion |
| Unaccompanied Alien Children Capacity | -$3 billion |
| Other Provisions and Changes | -$13 billion* |
| Subtotal, Judiciary Committee | -$9 billion (-$90 billion if permanent) |
| Energy and Commerce Committee | |
| Require States to Establish Medicaid Work Requirements | $336 billion |
| Change Eligibility and Enrollment Rules | $163 billion |
| Address Waste, Fraud, and Abuse in ACA Exchanges | $105 billion |
| Freeze New or Increased Provider Taxes | $87 billion |
| Revise the Payment Limit for Certain State Directed Payments | $72 billion |
| Increase Frequency of Medicaid Eligibility Redeterminations | $60 billion |
| Require Uniform Tax for Medicaid Provider Taxes | $34 billion |
| Fund Cost Sharing Reduction (CSR) Payments | $34 billion |
| Expansion State FMAP Changes | $24 billion |
| Repeal and Freeze Nursing Home Staffing Standards Rule | $23 billion |
| Ensure Appropriate Address Verification Under the Medicaid and CHIP Programs | $17 billion |
| Modify Cost-Sharing Requirements in Medicaid Program | $8 billion |
| Other Health Related Offsets | $21 billion |
| Modify Update to Conversion Factor Under the PFS | -$9 billion |
| Expand Drug Price Negotiation to Include Orphan Drugs | -$5 billion |
| Other Health Related Spending and Tax Breaks | -$1 billion |
| Interactions | -$78 billion |
| Subtotal, Health Care | $890 billion |
| Repeal Biden Administration "Tailpipe" Vehicle Emissions Rule and CAFE Standards | $105 billion |
| Extend and Expand Spectrum Auctions | $88 billion |
| Repeal and Rescind Funding from Various Energy and Environment Projects | $5 billion |
| Other Energy Related Offsets | $1 billion |
| Replenish Strategic Petroleum Reserve | -$2 billion |
| Fund Artificial Intelligence Development, IT Modernization Efforts, and Other Energy Related Spending | -$1 billion |
| Subtotal, Energy, Environment, and Communications | $196 billion |
| Subtotal, Energy and Commerce Committee | $1,086 billion |
| Education and Workforce Committee | |
| Replace SAVE and Other Income Contingent Repayment Plans with New Simplified Repayment Plan and Other Reforms | $295 billion |
| Reform Loan Limits by Repealing Grad PLUS Loans, Boosting Undergraduate Lending, and Limiting Graduate and Parent PLUS Borrowing, Among Other Reforms | $51 billion |
| Prevent Presidents from Unilaterally Enacting Debt Cancellation | $32 billion |
| Repeal Loan Discharge Authority and Certain Accountability Rules for For-Profit and Underperforming Schools | $9 billion |
| Establish "Risk Sharing" and Performance Grants to Encourage Schools to Lower Costs and Improve Quality | $6 billion |
| Tighten Pell Grant Eligibility and Create Workforce Pell | $8 billion^ |
| Use Mandatory Pell Savings to Reduce Discretionary Pell Shortfall | -$11 billion |
| Modify Eligibility for Non-Citizens and Exempt Certain Assets from Financial Aid Calculation | $1 billion |
| Interactions | -$41 billion |
| Subtotal, Education and Workforce Committee | $349 billion |
| Agriculture Committee | |
| Establish SNAP Matching Funds Requirement for States | $128 billion |
| Strengthen SNAP Work Requirements and Restrict Eligibility for Undocumented Individuals | $92 billion |
| Limit Executive Power to Increase Agricultural Subsidies | $37 billion |
| Reduce Federal Share of Administrative Costs for SNAP Program | $27 billion |
| Exclude Internet Expenses from SNAP Benefit Calculations | $11 billion |
| Use SNAP Database to Prevent Undue Issuances of Other Federal Benefits | $7 billion |
| Restrict SNAP Eligibility for Undocumented Individuals | $4 billion |
| Other Savings Provisions | $13 billion |
| Increase Farm Subsidies and Other Agricultural Safety Net Programs | -$52 billion |
| Fund Agricultural Trade Promotion | -$2 billion |
| Other Spending Provisions | -$4 billion |
| Interactions | -$24 billion |
| Subtotal, Agriculture Committee | $238 billion |
| Transportation and Infrastructure Committee | |
| Highway Trust Fund Fees for Electric Vehicles | $64 billion |
| Inflation Reduction Act Rescissions and Vessel Tonnage Duties | $4 billion |
| U.S. Coast Guard Assets for Border Security and Counter Narcotics | -$20 billion |
| Air Traffic Control Improvements and Kennedy Center Funding | -$12 billion |
| Subtotal, Transportation and Infrastructure Committee | $37 billion |
| Natural Resources Committee | |
| Onshore Oil and Gas Leasing | $13 billion |
| Offshore Oil and Gas Leasing | $6 billion |
| Alaskan Oil and Gas Leasing | $1 billion |
| Environmental Review Fees | $1 billion |
| Other Spending Cuts | $1 billion |
| Funding for Water Storage and Conveyance, as well as America's 250th Anniversary | -$3 billion |
| Limitation on Distribution of Outer Continental Shelf Program Revenues | -$1 billion |
| Subtotal, Natural Resources Committee | $18 billion |
| Oversight Committee | |
| Eliminate FERS Annuity Supplement for Certain Employees | $7 billion |
| “At-Will” Employment and Lower FERS Contributions for New Federal Employees and Filing Fee for MSPB Claims and Appeals | $4 billion |
| Enact “Comprehensive Audit” of FEHB Dependents | $1 billion |
| Subtotal, Oversight Committee | $12 billion |
| Financial Services Committee | |
| Cap CFPB Authority to Draw Funds from Federal Reserve and Return Civil Penalty Funds to Treasury | $4 billion |
| Redirect PCAOB Support Fees to Treasury, Cap Assessments Collected by the Office of Financial Research, and Rescind Funding from Green and Resilient Retrofit Program | $1 billion |
| Subtotal, Financial Services Committee | $5 billion |
| Interactions | -$175 billion |
| PRIMARY DEFICIT IMPACT | -$2.4 trillion (-$4.3 trillion if permanent) |
| Interest | -$551 billion (-$736 billion if permanent) |
| TOTAL DEBT IMPACT WITH INTEREST | -$3.0 trillion (-$5.0 trillion if permanent) |
Totals may not sum due to rounding
^ Would generate tens of billions in additional discretionary savings
* CBO's most recent score of the final, House passed bill did not include an updated estimate of individual provisions in the Judiciary section. The difference between CBO's previous estimate for the overall deficit impact of the Judiciary section and its latest estimate is reflected in the estimate for this provision.
What's Next
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